Long Manilla (CALABAR)
Manillas are metal bracelets or armlets that were formerly used as a medium of exchange in West Africa, notably associated with the slave trade. These objects are a form of commodity money, typically crafted from brass, bronze, or copper. Produced in vast quantities. Manillas varied widely in design, size, and weight. Their origins predate the colonial period, possibly stemming from trade with the Portuguese Empire. They continued to function as currency and decorative items until the late 1940s and are still sometimes worn as adornments on the arms, legs, and neck.
Various indigenous West African communities, such as the Hausa and Fulani, utilized Manillas. The word 'okpoko' in several West African languages, including Calabar, Efik, and Ibibio, signifies both 'money' and 'brass.' Copper and brass Manillas served as the first true general-purpose currency in West Africa, facilitating everyday market transactions, bride price payments, fines, compensation for diviners, and even as burial money for the afterlife.
In popular culture, Manillas are particularly recognized for their connection to the Atlantic slave trade.